The European Parliament and Council Directive 95/16/EC of 29 June 1995 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to lifts establishes European legal requirements for the design, installation and placing on the market of new lifts. It also sets out the conformity assessment procedures to be followed by lift installers to ensure conformity with these requirements. The provisions of the Directive are implemented in the national law of each Member State of the European Union.The Directive covers new lifts permanently installed in buildings and constructions for carrying passengers or passengers and loads. It also applies to certain safety components for lifts listed in Annex IV of the Directive. It does not cover lifts temporarily installed on construction sites, cableways and funicular railways, or lifts installed on machinery or in mineshafts.
Consolidated text of Directive 95/16/EC:
Text of Directive 95/16/EC
Amendment to the Directive (Regulation (EC) No 1882/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 September 2003 adapting to Council Decision 1999/468/EC the provisions relating to committees which assist the Commission in the exercise of its implementing powers laid down in instruments subject to the procedure referred to in Article 251 of the EC Treaty - OJEU L 284, 31/10/2003)
Monday, August 24, 2009
Lifts
Lifts provide an essential means of comfortable and safe access to modern buildings. The provision of lifts in new buildings and the installation of lifts in many existing buildings have an increasingly important role to play in an ageing society giving growing priority to the social integration of people with special needs. The harmonised European legislation governing the design, manufacturer and installation of lifts has been fully in force since the 1st of July 1999: it has the double aim of permitting the free circulation of lifts within the internal EU market and ensuring a high level of safety for lift users and maintenance staff. While the provisions of the Lifts Directive 95/16/EC are mainly addressed to lift installers and components manufacturers, they also have important implications for the owners and users of lifts.
Technical specifications providing means of satisfying the Essential Health and Safety Requirements (EHSRs) are available in Harmonized European Standards developed by the European Standardization Organisation, CEN: see Lifts standardization. Application of the harmonised standards is voluntary, but when the references of these standards are published in the Official Journal of the European Union, their application confers a presumption of conformity with the essential health and safety requirements they cover.
The Lifts Directive provides a wide choice of conformity assessment procedures covering the design, manufacture assembly, installation and final inspection of lifts, and the design and manufacture of lift safety components. All the procedures involve recourse to Notified Bodies. In some procedures, the Notified Bodies check the conformity of a model of a lift or safety component. In other procedures, Notified Bodies approve and monitor the quality assurance system of the lift installer or safety component manufacturer who is then able to assess the conformity of his products himself. Installers and manufacturers may address any Notified Body in the EU that is approved for the relevant procedure. The certificates issued by a Notified Body are valid in all EU countries. After completing the appropriate conformity assessment procedure, the lift installer or safety component manufacturer draws up and signs an EC declaration of conformity for the product and affixes the CE conformity marking on it.
See also the Guidance documents available, as well as the contact points and the working structure for the Lifts Directive. The Guide to application of the Lifts Directive 95/16/EC (15 May 2007) is now available.
The safety of existing lifts (that is to say lifts installed before the Lifts Directive came into force) is subject to national regulations. Commission Recommendation 95/216/EC invites Member States to take all necessary action to ensure a satisfactory level of maintenance for existing lifts and to improve the safety of these lifts.A Study on technical assessment of means of preventing the crushing risk on Lifts subject to Directive 95/16/EC is available.
Machinery
The Machinery Directive 98/37/EC provides the regulatory basis for the harmonisation of the essential health and safety requirements for machinery at European Union level. Essentially performing a dual function, the Directive not only promotes the free movement of machinery within the Single Market, but also guarantees a high level of protection to EU workers and citizens. Being a "New Approach" Directive, it promotes harmonisation through a combination of mandatory health and safety requirements and voluntary harmonised standards. Such directives apply only to products which are intended to be placed (or put into service) on the EU market for the first time.
Machinery is described in the Directive as "an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material". The manufacturer is responsible for verifying whether a particular product falls within the scope of the Machinery Directive.
See also guidance documents, including comments on Directive 98/37/EC, a letter on mini-motorbikes and a classification of equipment used for lifting loads with lifting machinery, as well as useful facts in relation to Directive 98/37/EC , based on information available in December 1998.
A revised Machinery Directive - Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast) - was published on 9th June 2006. It will be applicable from 29th December 2009: until that date, the current Machinery Directive 98/37/EC continues to apply.An amendment to the revised Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC, related to machinery for pesticide application, has been approved by the European Parliament on 22 April 2009.
The Commission services have formulated answers to Frequently Asked Questions relating to the transition from the current Machinery Directive 98/37/EC to the revised Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC.
A specific Study on the Restrictions of the Free Circulation of Off-road Machinery in the European Union is available.
The easiest route to demonstrate compliance with the Directive is to comply with Harmonised European Standards: see Machinery standardization. When, for Annex IV products, Harmonised Standards are not available or do not cover all essential safety requirements or when a manufacturer considers them inappropriate for his product, he must seek the opinion of an independent third party, a Notified Body. These are appointed by the Member States after having proven that they have the relevant expertise to provide such an opinion. Although a Notified Body has various responsibilities under the Directive, the manufacturer (or authorised representative) always remains responsible for the compliance of the product. See also the Recommendation for Use sheets issued by the Co-ordination of Notified Bodies.
Member States are the prime responsible for implementing this Directive: see Central contact points. Manufacturers have to notify the intention to place certain products on the market and market surveillance authorities communicate with manufacturers when it suspects that products do not comply with the Directive.
Information on the management of the Machinery Directive is available, with an "organisational structure" diagram and the most recent minutes of the Machinery Working Group.
Links to the latest developments and activities in international European policy are available in International.
Tuesday, August 4, 2009
Mechanical Advantage of the Levers
To find the MA of a lever, divide the effort arm length by the resistance arm length.
MA = effort arm length / resistance arm length
Interpret the diagram to answer the questions.
1. What is the length of the resistance arm?
2. What is the length of the effort arm?
3. What is MA of the see saw above?
4. What is the resistance force in the diagram?
5. How much effort force would be needed to overcome the resistance force?
6. Is this a first, second, or third class lever?
Saturday, August 1, 2009
MECHANICAL PRESS BRAKE
Weldor Press Brakes are designed and developed through years of experience in sheet metal working machines. Weldor Press Brakes are widely accepted in industries for continuous production runs and in areas requiring accuracy and repeatability coupled with high production.
1. Frame: Frame is of robust steel construction of rigid and interlocked design. It is stain-free and supports the ram and bed against undesired deflection under permissible load condition.
2. Ram and bed: Made from steel plates of suitable thickness. machined for straightness and parallelism of the working surface. Ram is guided and supported throughout the stroke by accurately machined guideways.
SPECIAL FEATURES
Connection link mounted on crank shaft for uniform load separate Drive system for each connection link Sufficient H.P. Normal torque motors provided Boltless pedal mounted on hexagonal bar General purpose V-Block and punch supplied as standard accessories
MECHANICAL PRESS BRAKE
Weldor Press Brakes are designed and developed through years of experience in sheet metal working machines. Weldor Press Brakes are widely accepted in industries for continuous production runs and in areas requiring accuracy and repeatability coupled with high production.
1. Frame: Frame is of robust steel construction of rigid and interlocked design. It is stain-free and supports the ram and bed against undesired deflection under permissible load condition.
2. Ram and bed: Made from steel plates of suitable thickness. machined for straightness and parallelism of the working surface. Ram is guided and supported throughout the stroke by accurately machined guideways.
3. Drive System: Power is transmitted to the ram through two individual gear drives for uniform load distribution throughout the length. This also reduces the torsional stresses on the eccentric shaft. The gear and pinion are made out of carbon/alloy steel.
4. Ram adjustment: Motorized ram adjustment through a simple drive mechanism, facilitates quick bending angle adjustment. Angular ram adjustment is made simple by incorporating a spring loaded dog clutch.
5. Clutch and brake: All series of press brakes are provided with high-torque low-inertia friction clutch, synchronized with heavy duty mechanical brake ensuring immediate braking of ram on releasing the pedal. Clutch operating levers are designed in such a way that minimum, engaging force is required at the pedal.
Electrically controlled & Air operated Clutch & Brake combine unit permits high frequency of operation and more Flywheel energy for work. Wear on Clutch & Brake is automatically compensated & no adjustment is necessary. Surge Tank, Filter, Regulator, Air Lubrication Unit, Pressure Switch etc. are incorporated. Pneumatic Counter Balancer are provided to Counter the Weight of Slide & Tooling which help in taking up the bearing clearances and ease Slide adjustment.
1. Frame: Frame is of robust steel construction of rigid and interlocked design. It is stain-free and supports the ram and bed against undesired deflection under permissible load condition.
2. Ram and bed: Made from steel plates of suitable thickness. machined for straightness and parallelism of the working surface. Ram is guided and supported throughout the stroke by accurately machined guideways.
3. Drive System: Power is transmitted to the ram through two individual gear drives for uniform load distribution throughout the length. This also reduces the torsional stresses on the eccentric shaft. The gear and pinion are made out of carbon/alloy steel.
4. Ram adjustment: Motorized ram adjustment through a simple drive mechanism, facilitates quick bending angle adjustment. Angular ram adjustment is made simple by incorporating a spring loaded dog clutch.
5. Clutch and brake: All series of press brakes are provided with high-torque low-inertia friction clutch, synchronized with heavy duty mechanical brake ensuring immediate braking of ram on releasing the pedal. Clutch operating levers are designed in such a way that minimum, engaging force is required at the pedal.
Electrically controlled & Air operated Clutch & Brake combine unit permits high frequency of operation and more Flywheel energy for work. Wear on Clutch & Brake is automatically compensated & no adjustment is necessary. Surge Tank, Filter, Regulator, Air Lubrication Unit, Pressure Switch etc. are incorporated. Pneumatic Counter Balancer are provided to Counter the Weight of Slide & Tooling which help in taking up the bearing clearances and ease Slide adjustment.
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